Digital platforms. Why the ACCC's proposals for Google and Facebook matter big time
- Written by Sacha Molitorisz, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Centre for Media Transition, Faculty of Law, University of Technology Sydney
The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission has released the preliminary report of its Digital Platforms Inquiry, and Google and Facebook won’t be happy.
Rather than adopting a gently-gently approach, the ACCC has produced draft recommendations that are extensive and dramatic.
If implemented, they would significantly affect the way the digital platforms make their money, and help direct the content we consume.
What’s more, the inquiry is touted as a world first. Its findings will be closely monitored, and perhaps even adopted, by regulators internationally.
Who should care?
The digital platforms themselves should (and do) care.
Any new regulations designed to foster competition or protect individual privacy (both are among the ACCC’s recommendations) have the potential to harm their revenues.
They’ve a lot to lose. In 2017, nearly A$8 billion was spent on online advertising in Australia, and more than half went to Google and Facebook (p3).
News organisations whose output is disseminated by those platforms should (and do) care too.
As the ACCC notes, more than half of the traffic on Australian news websites comes via Google and Facebook (p8).
Read more: News outlets air grievances and Facebook plays the underdog in ACCC inquiry
Increasingly, news producers depend on social media and search engines to connect with consumers. Google is used for 95% of searches (98% on mobile devices).
The rise of Google, Facebook and other digital platforms has been accompanied by unprecedented pressures on traditional news organisations.
Most obviously, classified advertising revenue has been unbundled from newspapers.
In 2001, classified advertising revenue stood at A$2 billion. By 2016, it had fallen to A$200 million. The future of newspapers’ ability to produce news is under a cloud, and digital platforms help control the weather.
Of course, advertisers care too.
But the stakeholders with the most to gain or lose are us, Australian citizens.
Read more: Taking on big tech: where does Australia stand?
Our lives are mediated by Google, Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Twitter and others as never before. Google answers our search queries; Facebook hosts friends’ baby snaps; YouTube (owned by Google) distributes professional and user-generated videos; Instagram (owned by Facebook) hosts our holiday snaps.
As the ACCC notes, they have given us tremendous benefits, for minimal (apparent) cost.
And they’ve done it at lightning speed. Google arrived in 1998, Facebook in 2004 and Twitter in 2006. They are mediating what comes before our eyes in ways we don’t understand and (because they keep their algorithms secret) in ways we can’t understand.
What does the ACCC recommend?
The ACCC’s preliminary recommendations are far-reaching and bold.
First, it suggests an independent review to address the inadequacy of current media regulatory frameworks.
This would be a separate, independent inquiry to “design a regulatory framework that is able to effectively and consistently regulate the conduct of all entities which perform comparable functions in the production and delivery of content in Australia, including news and journalistic content, whether they are publishers, broadcasters, other media businesses, or digital platforms”.
This is a commendable and urgent proposal. Last year, cross-media ownership laws were repealed as anachronistic in a digital age. To protect media diversity and plurality, the government needs to revisit the issue of regulatory frameworks.
Read more: Starter's gun goes off on new phase of media concentration as Nine-Fairfax lead the way
Second, it proposes privacy safeguards. Privacy in Australia is dangerously under-protected. Digital platforms such as Google and Facebook generate revenue by knowing their users and targeting advertising with an accuracy unseen in human history.
As the ACCC puts it, “the current regulatory framework, including privacy laws, does not effectively deter certain data practices that exploit the information asymmetries and the bargaining power imbalances that exist between digital platforms and consumers.”
It makes a number of specific preliminary recommendations, including creating a right to erasure and the requirement of “express, opt-in consent”.
It also supports the creation of a civil right to sue for serious invasions of privacy, as recommended by the Australian Law Reform Commission.
Australians lack the protections that Americans enjoy under the US Bill of Rights; we certainly lack the protection afforded under Europe’s sweeping new privacy law.
Read more: Google slapped hard in Europe over data handling
It wants the penalties for breaches of our existing Privacy Act increased. It recommends the creation of a third-party certification scheme, which would enable the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner to give complying bodies a “privacy seal or mark”.
And it wants a new or existing organisation to monitor attempts by vertically-integrated platforms such as Google to favour their own businesses. This would happen where Google gives prominence in search results to products sold through Google platforms, or prominence to stories from organisations with which it has a commercial relationship.
The organisation would oversee platforms that generate more than A$100 million annually, and which disseminate news, or hyperlinks to news, or snippets of news.
It would investigate complaints and even initiate its own investigations in order to understand how digital platforms are disseminating news and journalistic content and advertising.
As it notes,
The algorithms operated by each of Google and Facebook, as well as other policies, determine which content is surfaced and displayed to consumers in news feed and search results. However, the operation of these algorithms and other policies determining the surfacing of content remain opaque. (p10)
It makes other recommendations, touching on areas including merger law, pre-installed browsers and search engines, takedown procedures for copyright-infringing content, implementing a code of practice for digital platforms and changing the parts of Australian consumer law that deal with unfair contract terms.
Apart from its preliminary recommendations, there are further areas on which it invites comment and suggestions.
These include giving media organisations tax offsets for producing public interest news, and making subscribing to news publications tax deductible for consumers.
Platforms could be brought into a co-regulatory system for flagging content that is subject to quality control, creating their own quality mark. And a new ombudsman could deal with consumer complaints about scams, misleading advertising and the ranking of news content.
All of these recommendations and areas of interest will generate considerable debate.
What’s next?
The ACCC will accept submissions in response to its preliminary report until February 15.
At the Centre for Media Transition, we played a background role in one aspect of this inquiry.
Earlier this year, we were commissioned by the ACCC to prepare a report on the impact of digital platforms on news and journalistic content. It too was published on Monday.
Our findings overlap with the ACCC on some points, and diverge on others.
Read more: Google and Facebook cosy up to media companies in response to the threat of regulation
Many thorny questions remain, but one point is clear: the current regime that oversees digital platforms is woefully inadequate. Right now, as the ACCC notes, digital platforms are largely unregulated.
New ways of thinking are needed. A mix of old laws (or no laws) and new media spells trouble.